Dr. Paul H. Hoch, a psychiatrist who trained in Germany and came to the U.S. on a

Dr. Milton Greenblatt, Dr. Harry Solomon, Dr. Julius Levine, and Dr. Norman Paul actively promoted bimedial lobotomy

MK-NAIMI was a joint project of the CIA and the Special Operations (SO) Division at Fort Detrick.

Beginning in 1952, both the CIA and Fort Detrick’s Special Operations Division (SOD) had formalized a written

Artichoke was launched by Allen Dulles, then deputy director of the CIA to replace and expand Bluebird

The Dorr Professor of Anesthesiology at Harvard University, whose reputation as a paragon of ethical research rests

The term “brainwashing” was the brainchild of Edward Hunter, a covert CIA propaganda agent who churned out

In 1951, the Canadian Defense Research Board (DRB) convened a secret meeting in Montreal attended by military

More than two hundred articles related to the effects of isolation and sensory deprivation were published in

In the early 1950s and beyond, Fink was a CIA Project Artichoke consultant. In 1951, Paul Gaynor

Cameron was an internationally prominent psychiatrist who developed torture techniques on his involuntary hospitalized patients — mostly

A Memorandum for the Record, dated Jan. 31, 1975, reviews “available file information” about ARTICHOKE, “the agency

A memorandum from Paul Gaynor, CIA Security Research chief to ARTICHOKE director, Morse Allen states: “It is

Dr. Harris Isbell’s experiments can only be described as torture — on par with Nazi human experiments.