1950: Two-hundred female prisoners infected with viral hepatitis
1950: Dr. Joseph Stokes of the University of Pennsylvania deliberately infected 200 women prisoners with viral hepatitis. (Acres of Skin, 1998)
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1979: The Belmont Report
On July 12, 1974, President Nixon signed the National Research Act which created a commission whose task was to identify basic underlying ethical principles to be used in conducting biomedical research; and the law required codified regulations to protect human subjects during medical research in the United States. Regulations for…
1966: “Ethics and Clinical Research”
1966: Animal Welfare Act establishes ethical use of laboratory animals in research. There is no law protecting human research subjects from unethical experimentation. 1966: Henry Beecher’s article “Ethics and Clinical Research” in New England Journal of Medicine identified 50 unethical clinical studies. But it would be eight years before a…
1966: Bacillus Globigii released into New York subway tunnels
1966: Bacillus Globigii released into New York subway tunnels in an Army–CIA field study Bacillus Globigii was released into New York subway tunnels in an Army / CIA field study, exposing thousands of civilians. (Operation Bacterium) US Government Admits Testing Biological Agents on US Cities.
August 20, 1947: Judgment at Nuremberg
August 20, 1947: Judgment at Nuremberg: 16 out of 23 doctors were found guilty of crimes against humanity. The Nuremberg verdict also set forth the parameters of “Permissible Medical Experiments” known as the Nuremberg Code. The Nuremberg Code laid the foundation for biomedical ethics mandating that medical experiments conducted on human…
1960–1972: Whole Body Radiation Experiments
1960–1972: University of Cincinnati Medical School conducted whole body radiation experiments on 90 seriously ill cancer patients at its charity hospital — 60% were poor African Americans. Read more Radiation experiments
1955–1963: Dark Side of Salk Polio Vaccine
Scientific evidence existed showing the vaccine was contaminated with a cancer causing monkey virus — simian virus 40 (SV40) — but public health officials refused to take precautionary action. An estimated 98 million Americans received the Salk Polio vaccine. “Few back then grasped that these vaccines might also be a…