1972: “Syphilis Victims in U.S. Study Went Untreated for 40 Years.”
1972: Jean Heller exposes the syphilis experiment in her report in The New York Times, “Syphilis Victims in U.S. Study Went Untreated for 40 Years.”
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August 20, 1947: Judgment at Nuremberg
August 20, 1947: Judgment at Nuremberg: 16 out of 23 doctors were found guilty of crimes against humanity. The Nuremberg verdict also set forth the parameters of “Permissible Medical Experiments” known as the Nuremberg Code. The Nuremberg Code laid the foundation for biomedical ethics mandating that medical experiments conducted on human…
1941–1958: Infectious disease experiments: institutionalized children “canaries in the mines”
1941–1945: U.S. Committee on Medical Research (CMR) was dedicated to wartime medicine; it funded and coordinated 137 institutions in the US that conducted research — including chemical warfare agents and prevention of infectious diseases tested on prisoners and children. CMR-funded infectious disease experiments: institutionalized children were used as “canaries in…
1948–1980s — Civilian Medical Experiments
1948: The American Medical Association endorsed research on prisoners The American Medical Association endorsed research on prisoners — provided consent is not coerced with knowledge of potential risks; prior animal studies and knowledge of natural history of the disease; must be expected to yield results not otherwise obtainable; must be…
1961: Public Health Officials’ Criminal Culpability in Contaminated Polio Vaccine Disaster
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1973: Final Report of Tuskegee Syphilis Study
1973: The Final Report of Tuskegee Syphilis Study concluded: “Society can no longer afford to leave the balancing of individual rights against scientific progress to the scientific community.”
1976: “We don’t want to kill science but we don’t want science to kill, mangle and abuse us.”
1976: National Urban League held a conference on Human Experimentation, announcing: “We don’t want to kill science but we don’t want science to kill, mangle and abuse us.”