1947–1953: U.S. Navy Project CHATTER focused on identifying and testing drugs for interrogations and recruitment of intelligence

The CIA begins its secret study of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) purchased from Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, as a

John Neefe and Joseph Stokes, Jr. conducted a hepatitis experiment in which prisoners in New Jersey State

1950: Dr. Joseph Stokes of the University of Pennsylvania deliberately infected 200 women prisoners with viral hepatitis.

1950: U.S. Army secretly used a Navy ship outside the Golden Gate to spray supposedly harmless bacteria

1951: In August, a joint Army-CIA project (an offshoot of CIAs secret ARTICHOKE Project) secretly tested the

1950s: Dr. Henry K Beecher, chief anesthetist at Harvard’s Massachusetts General Hospital, an outspoken advocate of the

The Doolittle Report was alarmist and heightened fear of the prospect of annihilation by the Soviet Union;

Institutionalized children continued to be used as “canaries in the mines” to test the safety of experimental

1958–1962: An Atomic Energy Commission field study — “Project Chariot” — spread radioactive materials over Inupiat land

Project 112/ Shipboard Hazard and Defense (SHAD) Dept. of Defense tested biological and chemical warfare agents, by

Zinc cadmium sulfide was sprayed on a housing complex in St. Louis that was home to 10,000

1966: Bacillus Globigii released into New York subway tunnels in an Army–CIA field study Bacillus Globigii was

1948: The American Medical Association endorsed research on prisoners The American Medical Association endorsed research on prisoners