In 2001, Eli Lilly's chairman, president and CEO, Sidney Taurel, told
shareholders: "No medicine better symbolizes our mission than Xigris,"
calling it "one of our industry's genuine breakthroughs." [1]

Lilly's aggressive marketing of Xigris does indeed epitomize the worst of
this industry's mission.  Since its controversial restricted approval in
2001, reports by independent scientists (not financially tied to Lilly) who
have examined the completed data analysis from the first and subsequent
controlled clinical trials of Xigris (recombinant human activated protein C
(APC), reveal that the drug has failed to demonstrate a benefit even for
patients for whom it was approved. [2] They also report that the risk from
severe bleeding "associated with APC might actually be greater than
originally estimated."

Sepsis is a life-threatening illness caused by overwhelming infection of the
bloodstream by toxin-producing bacteria.  If the benefit / risk ratio is
negative, patients treated with Xigris are at increased risk preventable
death.
 
In light of mounting concerns raised by expert scientists in critical care
medicine-the latest in the New England Journal of Medicine-about the
increased risk of hemorrhage and lack of proven efficacy of this
controversial treatment for severe sepsis, AHRP calls upon the FDA to
convene an advisory committee hearing to assess the cumulative safety and
efficacy data as soon as feasible.

Dr. Peter Eichacker, Dr.Charles Natanson, and Dr. Robert Danner, senior
investigators in Critical Care Medicine at the National Institutes of
Health,  whose article, "Surviving Sepsis-Practice Guidelines, Marketing
Campaigns, and Eli Lilly" in this week's NEJM, lay out an insidious medical
marketing controversy that has festered for five years within the community
of critical care specialists.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/355/16/1640  The particular
concern of these authors is Lilly's undue influence on the practice
guidelines for sepsis care to include an expensive treatment for which the
risks appear to outweigh the benefits. It is a concern shared by numerous
other investigators [3] 

In 2001, Lilly gained controversial approval to market Xigris (an activated
protein C (APC) from the European Medicines Authority and the FDA on the
basis of a single trial, PROWESS [4]. FDA approved the drug despite the
advisory committee's split vote (10 to 10) due to concerns about the
validity of the claimed efficacy and safety findings [5] [6].
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/minutes/3797m1.pdf

Dr. Eichacker and colleagues state that the "Surviving Sepsis Practice
Guidelines" fail to disclose "the possible magnitude" of harm reported in a
subsequent study published in October 2005 (ADDRESS): "the risk of bleeding
associated with rhAPC might actually be greater than originally
estimated..the possible magnitude of this increased risk (a 28-day incidence
of serious bleeding of 6.5% as compared with 3.5% in the PROWESS study.)"
They also note that the ADDRESS trial was suspended for lack of benefit,
Thus, "the efficacy of APC has not been prospectively demonstrated in the
patient population for which the drug is currently recommended."  Given the
magnitude of the increased risk and lack of benefit, why then, is Xigris being used?

The FDA claims it does not regulate the practice of medicine. In fact, when
the FDA approves a drug, the manufacturer will utilize aggressive marketing
campaigns, influencing physicians with misleading claims of benefits to
persuade them to prescribe the product.  Limitations regarding safety and
efficacy findings are-at most-buried in the scientific literature and fine
print of the "label".  Such sources rarely influence medical practice.

The FDA bears major responsibility for approving drugs for marketing that
have not demonstrated safety and effectiveness "with substantial evidence
through the conduct of well controlled trials"-as is required under the Food
Drug and Cosmetics Act since 1962. FDA's approval of Xigris before it had
demonstrated both safety and efficacy in two randomized controlled trials,
by cutting corners and accepting Lilly's single flawed trial, validates the
failing grades the agency has received, most recently by a blue ribbon
committee of the Institute of Medicine. [7]
www.iom.edu/cms/3793/26341/37329.aspx 

Of note, after the advisory committee's split vote [8] [9] business
publications, such as The Street [10] and Bioportfolio [11] fully expected
the FDA to reject approval of Xigris. Instead, the FDA gave the drug a
glowing endorsement: "Xigris is a new treatment that helps to save the lives
of patients with the most severe forms of sepsis" said FDA's Acting Deputy
Commissioner Bernard A. Schwetz, D.V.M., Ph.D.
http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00780.html

Xigris is but one of many drugs and devices that the FDA licensed without
adequate safety and efficacy evidence to justify that license. The list
includes: Vioxx, Celebrex, Neurontin, Fen-Phen, vagus nerve stimulator (VNS)
the entire class of antipsychotics and SSRI antidepressants. In each case
the manufacturers embarked on a marketing strategy that submerged evidence
of lethal risks with a barrage of unsubstantiated claims of efficacy. [12]
How many other harmful drugs are currently marketed? 
 
To offset Xigris disappointing sales, Lilly hired Belsito, a PR firm, to
orchestrate a well financed marketing campaign with generous unrestricted
"educational" grants. Close to a million dollars was awarded to a group of
influential physicians with prior financial ties to Lilly who founded the
"Surviving Sepsis Campaign." Its message: "Look beneath the symptoms..Xigris
offers safe and effective treatment so more survive."
http://www.xigris.com/index.jsp

Another $1.8 million grant created a bioethics task force-Values, Ethics and Rationing in Critical Care (VERICC).
This panel of professional rubber stampers declared that physicians who do
not prescribe Xigris are guilty of "unethical rationing." Bioethicists'
duplicity in disparaging physicians' concerns about benefit / risk was noted
by Christian Wiedermann, MD, [13] a Professor of internal medicine in
Bolzano, Italy: "now, it seems as though bioethicists can be persuaded to
speak power to truth." https://ahrp.org/COI/APC/xigrisWeidermanBioethics05.pdf
 
Not only did Lilly's Xigris marketing campaign to physicians misrepresent
the body of evidence showing no benefit and increased risk from severe
bleeding, but it provided another "educational" grant of close to a million
dollars to a selected panel for new clinical practice guidelines. The
guidelines recommend the use of Xigris as standard care when the evidence
does not support that recommendation. Are patients and families infomed
about the negative benefit / risk ratio? Are they afforded the right to
refuse this treatment?

Five Years after its controversial approval, all scientific data from
subsequent trials confirm advisory committee concerns: 
Xigris failed to demonstrate a benefit in all trials:
ADDRESS-RESOLVE-ENHANCE. Instead, the drug caused a clinically significant
increased risk of death from hemorrhage. An insightful re-examination of FDA
documents four years after FDA approved the drug, Dr. Alasdair Mackenzie
reported: [6] "Activated protein C: Do More Survive?" was published four
years after the controversial approval in Intensive Care Medicine (2005).
Dr. Mackenzie found numerous inconsistencies in the original trial (PROWESS)
not previously reported in the literature-including serious concerns about
the study blind, changes in the APC solution, and an unexplained change in
the "do not resuscitate rate" that might have skewed the results to favor
the drug:

"In the second phase of PROWESS, when the difference in 28-day mortality
developed, there was an unexplained reduction in "do not resuscitate" (DNR)
rates in the APC arm: 74 patients (16%) before protocol amendment, 32 (9%)
thereafter. The DNR rate in the placebo arm remained steady at around 18% in
both halves [6]. Additionally, there were changes to enrolment sites across
the two halves of the study: 20 sites were dropped and 45 added. The FDA
felt it "worrisome" that there was a negative APC effect at the dropped
sites whereas those added later tended to show a strong drug effect."
**https://ahrp.org/COI/APC/xigrisMackenzieICM05.pdf  
Complete three-month survival analysis of PROWESS study (2004) revealed
that Xigris offered no benefit over placebo. [2] [14]

In 2005, the ADDRESS study conclusions were published in the NEJM: [15] "The
absence of a beneficial treatment effect, coupled with an increased
incidence of serious bleeding complications, indicates that DrotAA should
not be used in patients with severe sepsis who are at low risk for death,
such as those with single-organ failure or an APACHE II score less than 25."
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/13/1332

The same year Lilly [16] notified healthcare professionals and the FDA that
it was halting RESOLVE, a clinical trial in children because of "an
unfavorable benefit / risk profile": "an interim analysis showed that the
drug was largely ineffective in treating sepsis. over a placebo." In
addition, "a higher rate of bleeding of the central nervous system was
observed in patients taking Xigris over a placebo."  The incidence of
intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in children treated with Xigris increased to a
rate of 2% compared to 0.5% in children on placebo (during an infusion
period, 0-6 days); and during the entire study period (28 days) ICH
increased to 4% compared to 2% in children on placebo.
http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/SAFETY/2005/xigris_dearHCP_4-21-05.htm 
Of note, the mortality rate in children with sepsis is very low (8% to 10%), thus any
increase in Cerebral hemorrhage rate is alarming.

Post approval warnings:
http://www.fda.gov/medwaTCH/SAFETY/2005/xigris_DHCP.htm

Given the disturbing confirmatory findings about the serious risks posed by
this treatment, knowledgeable physicians, such as Dr. Mackenzie have
concluded: "Unfortunately, what is clear is the increased rate of serious
bleeding events associated with APC administration. In conclusion, it is
extremely difficult to justify ongoing use of APC in severe sepsis." [6]
Unfortunately, public perception has been molded by a clever, though
dishonest, marketing campaign [17]
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3091781.stm

Xigris is a case encapsulating a failed regulatory environment under the
current FDA administration that has led to the perversion of "evidence-based
medicine." The FDA does little to ensure drug safety by failing to implement
federal law requiring manufacturers to prove safety and effectiveness "with
substantial evidence through the conduct of well controlled trials" before
marketing licensure is granted. Instead, FDA rationalizes and bends over
backwards to approve drugs whose manufacturers have not proven safety and
effectiveness "with substantial evidence through the conduct of well
controlled trials." And many of those drugs later proved ineffective and
unsafe. When the FDA approved drugs such as Xigris, it failed to follow the
federally mandated science-based standard for approval.  Even worse, FDA
fails to take action when the post-approval evidence collected after its
controversial approval of the drug, shows lack of efficacy for the
population for whom it was approved. Worse still, the scientific data shows
a significant increased risk of death.

How do FDA officials explain their failure to convene an advisory panel to
re-examine the scientific evidence showing that Xigris has an unfavorable
benefit / risk ratio-which means it kills more patients than it saves?

FDA's hands-off policy ("FDA does not regulate medicine") allows medical
practice to be dictated by manufacturers' business interests-even if they
undermine public health.  FDA is responsible for: "protecting the public
health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and
veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices.and helping the
public get the accurate, science-based information they need to . improve
their health."  FDA's current hands-off policy has led companies to
disseminate dubious marketing claims under the mantle of "science-based"
authority in practice guidelines: "Xigris offers safe and effective
treatment so more survive." FDA officials know that the scientific evidence
shows the opposite to be true.

The PR Campaign Overshadows Science and Safety:
Below is how the Council of Public Relations Firms describes this Case
Study:
http://www.prfirms.org/resources/case_studies/Marketing_Communications/2004/
SurvivingSepsis1.asp

Eli Lilly with Belsito & Company
A strategy was implemented to first raise awareness about rationing and then
the disease state as a means of enhancing prospects of utilization of Xigris
in the ICU. To implement this strategy, a three-pronged approach was
developed:
1. Continue to support Xigris but only through highly-specific
marketing initiatives to physicians and the medical trade media;
2. Work through an unrestricted $1.8 million educational grant from
Lilly to form a task force, The Values, Ethics and Rationing in Critical
Care (VERICC) Task Force, to study the issue of healthcare rationing in the ICU;
3. Raise awareness of severe sepsis and generate momentum towards
development of treatment guidelines for the infection through establishment
of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign
 
 The key to media outreach was to provide journalists with a
comprehensive press kit that could illustrate both the systemic problems
that lead to healthcare rationing, and to outline the specific impact on
patients. The kit included:
* An extensive background document on critical care costs
* A thorough backgrounder on healthcare rationing
* A seventy-page review of ongoing debates about the ethics of rationing
* A summary of survey results documenting the withholding of valuable
 healthcare
* A question-and-answer document to "connect the dots"
* Comprehensive information about the Task Force and its members

"Most importantly, sales of Xigris have begun to trend upwards. Through the
first quarter of 2004, Xigris sales were up 36%."

Whether or not laws have been broken, the public health is further eroded by
a broken regulatory system that cannot contain a powerful industry run amok.

"No medicine better symbolizes our mission than Xigris." [1]

References:
1. Eli Lilly Annual Report, 2001: http://lilly.com/investor/annual_report/lillyar2001editorial.pdf

2. Angus DC, Laterre PF, Helterbrand J, Ely EW, Ball DE, Garg R, Weissfeld LA, Bernard GR for the PROWESS Investigators (2004) The effect of drotrecogin alfa (activated) on longterm survival after severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 32:2199-2206

3. See annotated bibliography: http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccmd/htmlpg/surviving_sepsis.html  

4.Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand J D, Ely EW, Fisher CJ (2001) Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 344:699-709

5. Consultants to the advisory committee clarified what the serious concerns with PROWESS: "First, there were changes in the study protocol and in the drug preparation that appeared to divide the trial into two discernible phases in which the efficacy of activated protein C was different. Second, there was new information about the efficacy of the drug in various subgroups of patients. Third, there were new data on the toxicity of the drug."  See: Warren HS, Suffredini AF, Eichacker PQ, Munford RS. Risks and benefits of activated protein C treatment for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1027-1030. Commentary (Sounding Board) written by members of the FDA Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee that describes issues related to the PROWESS trial and rhAPC

6. Mackenzie A. Activated Protein C:  Do More Survive? Intensive Care Medicine, 2005, 31:1624-1626: **https://ahrp.org/COI/APC/xigrisMackenzieICM05.pdf 

7. Institute of Medicine Report. The Future of Drug Safety, September, 2006. See also: www.ahrp.org/cms/content/view/344/27

8. FDA Advisory Committee Concerns are posted at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/biologics/review/droteli112101r1p2.pdf

9. The Advisory Committee vote: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/minutes/3797m1.pdf

10. Feuerstein A. "FDA Panel's Rejection of Xigris Comes as a Painful Shock to Lilly Eli" October 16, 2001 http://www.thestreet.com/stocks/biotech/10002501.html

11. Bioportfolio reported: "Lilly suffered its first setback in October 2001 when an FDA advisory panel was unable to recommend approval for Xigris following a split vote. The panel were concerned that the Prowess study, on which the drug's application was based, had the patient entry criteria changed halfway through the trial, which may have exaggerated Xigris's efficacy results."  See: Eli Lilly's Xigris: struggling to overcome its problems in the sepsis market, Bioportfolio: http://www.bioportfolio.com/news/datamonitor_29.htm

12. Reports posted on the AHRP website: https://ahrp.org/cms  See: Senate Finance Committee investigative VNS report: http://finance.senat.gov/press/Gpress/02_2006%20report.pdf

13. Wiedermann C. Bioethics, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, and the Industry. Commentary, Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift (Middle European Journal of Medicine), 2005, 117:13-14: **https://ahrp.org/COI/APC/xigrisWeidermanBioethics05.pdf

14. Laterre PF, Levy H, Clermont G, Ball DE, Garg R, Nelson DR, Dhainaut JF, Angus DC (2004) Hospital mortality and resource use in subgroups of the Recombinant Human Activated Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) trial. Crit Care Med 32:2207-2218

15. Abraham E, Laterre PF, Garg R, Levy G, et al, for ADDRESS Study Group, Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) for Adults with Severe Sepsis and a Low Risk of Death NEJM, September 29, 2005 <http://content.nejm.org/content/vol353/issue13/index.shtml> , 353:1332-1341
Publication of the ADDRESS trial reporting that rhAPC was not effective in patients with either a low or high risk of death. Risk of hemorrhage in the trial was increased with rhAPC and mortality in surgical patients with one organ injury was increased in a trend similar to the PROWESS trial.

16. Lilly (2005) Association of Xigris with intracranial hemorrhage in pediatric patients and discontinuation of study F1KMC-EVBP (investigation of the efficacy and safety of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in pediatric severe sepsis) based on failure to reach desired clinical endpoints and an unfavorable benefit/risk profile, 6 May 2005. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/medeff/advisories-avis/prof/2005/xigris_hpc-cps_e.html  

17.BBC. Ban on use of life-saving drug, July 23, 2003: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3091781.stm

Contact: Vera Hassner Sharav
veracare@ahrp.org

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
Surviving Sepsis – Practice Guidelines, Marketing Campaigns, and Eli Lilly
Peter Q. Eichacker, M.D., Charles Natanson, M.D., and Robert L. Danner, M.D.

Practice guidelines approved by expert panels are intended to standardize
care in such a way as to improve health outcomes. In recent years, the
developers of such standards have started grouping evidence-based
interventions into "bundles," on the theory that inducing physicians to
follow multiple recommendations written into a single protocol has a
measurable effect on patients' outcomes. As a side effect, bundled
performance measures are readymade for use in pay-for-performance
initiatives, which can base reimbursement on compliance with all the
components.

Unfortunately, the development of such clusters is vulnerable to
manipulation for inappropriate- and possibly harmful – ends. Seeing in these
bundles a potentially powerful vehicle for promoting their products,
pharmaceutical and medical-device companies have begun to invest in
influencing the adoption of guidelines that serve their own financial goals.

A case in point is the development of guidelines for the treatment of
sepsis, which was orchestrated as an extension of a pharmaceutical marketing
campaign. 1,2 Although its advocates viewed this effort as an important
approach to reducing sepsis-related mortality, the campaign appears to have
usurped guideline development for commercial purposes, possibly compromising
highly regarded, third-party arbiters of medical quality in the process.
Such intrusion into an initiative to benefit public health is of particular
concern in this instance, since the drug incorporated into the performance
measures was endorsed on the basis of a single controversial phase 3 trial
that was still being called into question by additional studies even as the
committee did its work.

In 2001, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Eli Lilly's Xigris
(recombinant human activated protein C, or rhAPC, also known as drotrecogin
alfa [activated]) for the treatment of sepsis. This approval was based
primarily on a single phase 3 randomized, controlled trial – the Recombinant
Activated Human Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS)
study, published the same year – which showed a significant overall survival
benefit at 28 days. The FDA acknowledged that there was controversy
surrounding this decision, and half the  members of the agency's advisory
panel, pointing to methodologic and other important problems with the
PROWESS study, voted to require that a confirmatory trial be performed
before approval was granted. In its approval statement, the FDA recommended
using rhAPC in patients deemed, on the basis of an Acute Physiology and
Chronic Health Evaluation II score of 25 or more, to have a particularly
high risk of death; since this criterion had not been  prospectively
validated, the agency asked Lilly to perform additional testing in selected
subgroups. In the face of such uncertainty, initial sales of rhAPC fell
short of market expectations (see timeline).3

To improve sales of rhAPC, in 2002, Lilly hired Belsito and Company, a
public relations firm, to develop and help implement a three-pronged
marketing strategy.1 First, the product's sales were to be supported by
marketing initiatives targeted to physicians and the medical trade media.1
Second, because rhAPC was relatively expensive, word would be spread that
the drug was being rationed and physicians were being "systematically
forced" to decide who would live and who would die.1,3 As part of this
effort, Lilly provided a group of physicians and bioethicists with a $1.8
million grant to form the Values, Ethics, and Rationing in Critical Care
(VERICC) Task Force, purportedly to address ethical issues raised by
rationing in the intensive care unit.3 Finally, the Surviving Sepsis
Campaign was established, in theory to raise awareness of severe sepsis and
generate momentum toward the development of treatment guidelines.

The first phase of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign was introduced at an
October 2002 meeting of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine
(ESICM). In the second phase, launched in June 2003, international experts
in critical care and infectious diseases were convened to create guidelines
for sepsis management, which were published in Critical Care Medicine in
March 2004.4 Lilly provided more than 90% of the funding for these two
phases, and many participants had financial or other relationships with the
company.1,4 According to the Council of Public Relations Firms, Belsito
helped to assemble the VERICC Task Force and launch the campaign, and
initiated a media-outreach program to "raise awareness" of alleged rationing
in severe sepsis with the intent of generating demand for rhAPC.1

Campaign participants might argue that, regardless of Lilly's concerted
efforts, the guidelines were not influenced by the company and represent
best practice based on the evidence that was available – largely from
randomized, controlled trials.4 Although such trials represent the gold
standard of medical evidence, overreliance on them in the construction of
guidelines has a tendency to favor new drugs and devices, which typically
undergo at least one such trial in order to obtain government approval. In
this instance, that reliance meant that rhAPC was given a highly favorable
rating (grade B), whereas established therapies for sepsis (such as
antibiotics, fluids, and vasopressors), though included in the
recommendations, received lower ratings (grade D or E), because most had not
undergone randomized, controlled trials owing to a lack of equipoise.

This imbalance is made more troubling by the campaign's failure to discuss
persisting concern about rhAPC, which has been reinforced by recent trials.
After the PROWESS study, which had demonstrated an increased risk of serious
bleeding, two other controlled trials – the  aministration of Drotrecogin
Alfa (Activated) in Early Stage Severe Sepsis (ADDRESS) study and the
Resolution of Organ Failure in Pediatric Patients with Severe Sepsis
(RESOLVE) study – both of which were terminated early because they were
deemed unlikely to show a significant difference in their primary end
points, confirmed that increase in risk and resulted in warnings submitted
by Lilly to the FDA regarding the use of rhAPC. Although the results of the
ADDRESS study were reported at the October 2004 ESICM meeting, no mention of
the study was included in a supplement to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign
Guidelines published the following month in Critical Care Medicine.

Results from one open-label trial, the Extended Evaluation of Recombinant
Human Activated Protein C (ENHANCE) study, published in October 2005,
indicated that the risk of bleeding associated with rhAPC might actually be
greater than originally estimated. Although data from the ENHANCE trial were
available and are included in the guideline supplement, the possible
magnitude of this increased risk (a 28-day incidence of serious bleeding of
6.5%, as compared with 3.5% in the PROWESS study) is not noted. Moreover,
the efficacy of rhAPC has not been prospectively demonstrated in the patient
population for which the drug is currently recommended.

Eleven professional societies are cited as sponsors of the Surviving Sepsis
Campaign Guidelines. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA),
however, declined to endorse them. According to Naomi O'Grady, the physician
who chaired the IDSA's Standards and Practice Guidelines Committee from 2002
to 2005, the organization found fault with the manner in which the
guidelines were developed, the use of a suboptimal rating system, and their
sponsorship by a drug company.  The peer-review process conducted by the
IDSA might provide a model for an objective system of rating proposed
guidelines in the future. But in this case, even the fact that the society
decided not to endorse the  ecommendations is not widely known. According to
Dante L. Landucci, an intensivist at East Carolina University, Critical Care
Medicine,which published the guidelines, removed mention of the IDSA's
rejection from his invited editorial on the subject that appeared in print 3
months after the guidelines did.

As part of the third phase of the campaign, Lilly awarded unrestricted
grants for an "Implementing the Surviving Sepsis Campaign" program.5 The
main goal of this phase, launched in mid-2004, is the creation of
performance bundles based on selected recommendations from the campaign
guidelines. Again, many participants have self-reported financial or other
relationships with Lilly.4,5 Despite the persisting scientific controversy
surrounding its safety and efficacy, rhAPC is included in one of these
performance bundles. Neither the campaign's manual on bundle implementation
nor a cover letter from the president of the Society of Critical Care
Medicine mentions the ADDRESS and RESOLVE trials or the warnings they
precipitated.5

In formulating and promoting the bundles, the campaign sought to collaborate
with public, not-forprofit arbiters of the quality of health care, including
the Voluntary Hospital Association, the Institute for Healthcare
Improvement, and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations.2,5 Implementation of the bundles is being advocated
nationally in workshops organized under the auspices of the Society of
Critical Care Medicine and funded by Lilly. Furthermore, the campaign has
lobbied state governments to adopt the bundles. Efforts to institute these
measures internationally are being promoted in a program called the
"Surviving Sepsis Campaign Roadshow," also subsidized by Lilly. In addition,
the company funds Advances in Sepsis, a widely distributed periodical that
publicizes the campaign. These activities continue unabated amid increasing
calls for a new, prospective study of rhAPC.

When properly formulated and applied, practice guidelines and performance
standards hold the promise of improving patients' outcomes. Professional
societies and other stakeholders must work together to promote a consistent
guideline-development process, a robust rating system for guidelines that is
applicable to all subspecialties, and a policy that prohibits the
pharmaceutical and medical-device industries from directly or indirectly
funding or influencing practice standards. The challenges involved in
producing firstrate guidelines and performance standards are only
exacerbated by the intrusion of marketing strategies masquerading as
evidence based medicine.

Drs. Eichacker, Natanson, and Danner are senior investigators in the
Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do
not reflect the policies of the National Institutes of Health, the Public
Health Service, or the Department of Health  and Human Services.

References:
1. Eli Lilly, Belsito. Surviving Sepsis: case studies- marketing communications of public relations firms. (Accessed September 28, 2006, at
http://www.prfirms.org/resources/case_studies/Marketing_Communications/2004/SurvivingSepsis1.asp.)
2. Levy MM, Pronovost PJ, Dellinger RP, et al. Sepsis change bundles:converting guidelines into meaningful change in behavior and clinical
outcome. Crit Care Med 2004;32:Suppl:S595-S597.3. Regalado R. To sell pricey drug, Eli Lilly fuels a debate over rationing. Wall Street Journal. September 18, 2003:A1. 
4. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004;32:858-73. [Errata, Crit Care Med 2004;32:1448, 2169-70.]
5. National Institutes of Health. Online annotated bibliography for Surviving Sepsis – Practice Guidelines, Marketing Campaigns, and Eli Lilly. (Accessed September 28, 2006, at http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccmd/htmlpg/ccmsupplemental.html.)
~~~~~~~~~~~~

See: Associated Press, New York Times, NPR reports about this article: www.ahrp.org/cms/content/view/367/27

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