1973: Final Report of Tuskegee Syphilis Study
1973: The Final Report of Tuskegee Syphilis Study concluded: “Society can no longer afford to leave the balancing of individual rights against scientific progress to the scientific community.”
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1947: Prisoners Were Fed Hepatic Liver and Hepatic Feces In Hepatitis Experiment
John Neefe and Joseph Stokes, Jr. conducted a hepatitis experiment in which prisoners in New Jersey State Prison were fed hepatic liver and hepatic feces. “The authors describe the blending of hepatic liver and hepatic feces in a Warring Blender to create “liver suspension in sterile beef heart infusion broth”…
1953–1954: Multi-Site NIH Cooperative Study of Premature Babies’ Survival
NIH Multi-Site Cooperative Study of Retrolental Fibroplasia (RLF, later called, ROP), a form of blindness in premature babies was conducted at 18 hospitals nationwide. The first recorded case of RLF in a premature baby was in 1942 in Boston, decades after premature babies had been routinely provided unrestricted oxygen during…
1958: Institutionalized children used as “canaries in the mines”
Institutionalized children continued to be used as “canaries in the mines” to test the safety of experimental vaccines for infectious diseases including, malaria, influenza, dysentery, and sexually transmitted diseases for twelve years Nuremberg. The experiments were conducted at academic institutions that received funding from the CMR was dedicated to wartime…
1950s: CIA retains consultant to help perfect interrogation
1950s: Dr. Henry K Beecher, chief anesthetist at Harvard’s Massachusetts General Hospital, an outspoken advocate of the Nuremberg Code; who authored a seminal article in the NEJM (1966), was a secret paid CIA consultant who participated in secret, CIA- and US Navy-sponsored experiments aimed at perfecting interrogation (i.e. torture) techniques…
1973: Jessica Mitford’s Powerful Expose Brought Experiments on Prisoners to a Halt.
Jessica Mitford’s article “Experiments Behind Bars,” in the Atlantic Monthly, 1973, followed by her book Kind and Usual Punishment: The Prison Business, 1973, exposed massive exploitation of U.S. prisoners who served as incarcerated “lab rats” in pharmaceutical drug research and government mind control experiments. Until Mitford’s powerful indictment, from 1962–1975,…
1966: Policies for the Protection of Human Subjects
1966: NIH Office for Protection of Research Subjects (OPRR) created Policies for the Protection of Human Subjects calling for the establishment of independent review bodies later known as Institutional Review Boards.